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Cuban Corporate Law has its antecedents before 1959 in objective law; With the triumph of the Revolution, it is forgotten to make use of the Commercial Code of 188, the stage of nationalization overshadowed the private sector with nationalization. The recognition of private actors is resumed at the end of the 20th century, it occurs in its last decade, with the reopening of the small entrepreneur (TCP) and the corporate form of the Public Limited Company before the debacle of the socialist camp and the CAME. In the 21st century, private property is recognized in the 2019 constitutional text, with the associative form of the SRL, by promoting MSMEs in communion with private companies. Objective: an analysis of the private entrepreneur and the Simplified Stock Company is carried out in the doctrine and regulations of Corporate Law, the need to be introduced into the Cuban corporate legal system, as a new economic actor, by promoting MSMEs for the execution of activities jointly with the public company. Materials and methods: the analysis, synthesis of materials of Commercial Law were used to break down the information, the logical history of the stages of Corporate Law of the SAS, induction deduction to deduce and arrive at elements of value judgments from the general to the particular, the legal exegetical, the bibliographic review of materials on MSMEs, and the legal comparison of legal norms on the constitutive process of the commercial company of this new corporate type. Results: recognize simplified stock companies within the corporate legal system, in order to expedite the procedures of entrepreneurs before the Ministry of Economy and planning, how to update the legal regulations related to Commercial Law in Cuba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The judgment of the Federal Fiscal Court (BFH) of June 28, 2023 (VI R 28/21) states that the risk of loss of an unpaid wage claim due to a lack of insolvency protection does not lead to the receipt of employment income. In the specific case, the plaintiff had agreed with her employees that unpaid salary claims should be credited to time value accounts. The tax office was of the opinion that these value credits should be considered as employment income and therefore subject to wage tax deduction. However, the tax court ruled in favor of the plaintiff's claim, and the BFH confirmed this decision. The judgment of the BFH states that merely holding claims against the employer does not lead to the receipt of employment income. The cost decision is based on § 135 para. 2 FGO. [Extracted from the article]

In stable circumstances, assembly lines have workers with different capabilities assigned to stations. They perform a set of specialised tasks multiple times daily. Under a situation of high demand disruption (e.g. the COVID-19 pandemic), the overproduction rate would lead inventory levels to soar. An approach to cope with these demand drops and ongoing workforce costs is to dismiss employees and rebalance the line. Nevertheless, this implies social and economic costs related to rehiring and training. Alternatively, agreements can be made to reduce workload with a proportional wage deduction. These decisions are particularly challenging in heterogeneous workforces. We propose a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model to address the Assembly Line Worker Assignment and Rebalancing Problem (ALWARP). Our model aims at preserving jobs while minimising labour costs. We consider scenarios with falling demands and impose regularity metrics on workload reductions. Computational tests on benchmark datasets show that our strategy can distribute social costs among workers, with only slightly higher cumulative labour hours, while avoiding inconveniences associated with future renovations. A real-world case study of a truck cabin assembly line is investigated: the model can easily incorporate many realistic features and decide which workers should have their workload reduced and at which rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the need to base some theoretical-methodological elements necessary to use them in work practice as a didactic strategy in the teaching and learning process around management tools (environmental control) in the Environmental Law subject. in the Law career, required to update from the doctrine and legal regulations for the complementation of the contents in the theory-practice link in the Teaching Units by the tutor. The epistemological theoretical references of the environmental legal education process are analyzed from its holistic characterization, its construction in complexity, and critical thinking due to its multidimensionality in the teaching-learning process, based on the integration of environmental legal content due to its transdisciplinarity. The methods of bibliographical review of teaching materials of the tutoring, the historical analysis of the stages of the tutoring as a complement to the doctrine, the analysis synthesis to break down the information, the holistic dialectic, and induction deduction for the preparation of the article. The analysis allowed us to know about the tutoring carried out by the Teaching Units as a complement to the theory-practice symbiosis, carried out by the mentors in the training of the Law student, in their preparation for employment linked to the control activity. economic actors has cracks. Its main shortcomings, pedagogical and didactic challenges in the internship of the student of the Law degree linked to preparation for employment are in the doctrinal and regulatory update, in response to the updating of the economic and social model, in relation to the regulatory renewal that is enforced by the legal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the need to establish the skills of the business tutor necessary to execute the labor practice as a didactic strategy in the teaching and learning process in Law students as a complement to the training, required for updating. from the doctrine and legal regulations of the contents in the theory-practice link in the Teaching Units. The epistemological theoretical referents of the tutoring process are analyzed, the competences from their holistic characterization, their construction, complementation in the teaching-learning process, from the integration of the contents. Material and methods: The methods of bibliographical review of teaching materials of the tutoring, the historical analysis of the stages of the tutoring as a complement to the doctrine, the analysis synthesis to break down the information, the holistic dialectic, and induction deduction for the preparation of the article. Results: the analysis allowed us to know about the tutoring carried out by the Teaching Units as a complement to the theory-practice symbiosis, carried out by the mentors in the training of the Law student, in their preparation for employment and labor practice. Its pedagogical and didactic challenges in the internship of the student of the Law degree linked to preparation for employment, in the doctrinal and normative update, in response to the update of the economic and social model, which is executed by the Cuban legal system, and the tutor's skills in a demanding market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the 2023 EBRI Financial Wellbeing Employer Survey, revealing that employers are increasingly adding or improving financial wellbeing programs to enhance worker satisfaction and productivity. Topics discussed include the key factors in measuring program success, the importance of cost-benefit analysis in program development, top issues and areas of focus for financial wellness initiatives.

This article sets out a human rights-based critique of one aspect of the common law wage/work bargain: the rule that entitles employers to deduct an entire week's pay from those taking action short of strike, and who thereby perform most, but not all, of their contractual duties. It makes the case that that rule, established in Miles v Wakefield MDC and Wiluszynski v Tower Hamlets over 35 years ago, constitutes a disproportionate interference with an employee's right to strike and to take industrial action, under Article 11 of the ECHR. The article shows how such cases might be brought, depending on whether an employee is in the public or private sector and iterates the argument for implying a duty of 'rights-obedience' into the contract—either as a free-standing duty or as part of an expansion of the duty of mutual trust and confidence—as a corrective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To provide society with the benefit of an effective emolument attachment order (EAO) environment, several role-players must fulfil essential interconnected functions. The process relies on the cooperation of the garnishee (the employer of the EAO debtor), who is responsible for the periodic deductions from the employees' salary and the transfer of these funds to the creditor(s). Employers therefore carry an administrative burden to maintain the human resource capacity and administrative systems necessary to properly enforce EAOs. In addition to this administrative duty, employers are at risk of incurring personal liability vis a vis the creditor as well as the debtor. This article will highlight the risk to employers in the administration of EAOs, specifically arising from the legal uncertainty regarding proportionality in EAO deductions. The article describes the current legislative framework and its relevant frailty. It then delineates the scope of the study by exploring the concept of proportionality within the context of EAOs. This is followed with a summary of the relevant historic and contemporary context, before dealing with the prevailing EAO-related challenges. Although a detailed comparative analysis falls outside the scope of this article, it also contains a brief overview of how these challenges regarding proportionality in wage garnishment are managed in England and the United States of America. The contribution concludes with recommendations based on the research findings. Ultimately, the author submits that employers are currently more at risk from liability for the maladministration of their employees' EAOs than they may generally appreciate and that proactive steps should be taken to address the situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of issues of development and modernisation of the existing structure of economy is central to the scientific activity of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The purpose of the study is to consider the trends in the development of the economic system in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study used methods of analysis and synthesis of information, the comparative method, induction and deduction and analysis of research papers, which is relevant to the subject matter. The conclusions were drawn that the modernisation and development of the economy of Kazakhstan is a complex step‐by‐step process, which includes: mastering the manufacturing of modern products; renovation of production equipment; organic integration into the latest world innovation processes; requalification of people. The practical significance of the study is that it can be used by theorists and practitioners to investigate the development of the economic system in the Republic of Kazakhstan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fundamental tenet of economics is that agents respond to incentives. When filing their tax returns, Swedish taxpayers get information about whether they are below or above a salient tax kink, information that could affect tax-filing behavior. Ceteris paribus, rational taxpayers would be more likely to claim deductions when facing a higher marginal tax rate. They also get informed whether they can expect a tax refund or have taxes due. This information would be of no importance to rational individuals, but a loss averse taxpayer would be more likely to claim deductions if having taxes due than if expecting a refund. We study the probability of claiming deductions in an RDK framework using register data on the universe of Swedish taxpayers over an eight-year period. We find a strong causal effect of taxes due, while the response to the marginal tax kink is insignificant. The results are similar for inexperienced (young) and experienced (old) taxpayers. Hence, loss aversion is much more decisive than standard economic incentives in predicting deduction behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As most planners are aware, clients who own their own business are entitled to deduct any losses incurred as a result of running the business (IRC Sec. 162(a) and IRC Sec. 212(a)(1)-(2)). However, if clients misclassify their operations as a business, when the IRS would classify them as a hobby, they could be on the hook for back taxes, as the IRS will disallow their loss deductions (IRC Sec. 183(a)). Within the IRS regulations, there are nine factors which, when applied to a client's situation, will point in the direction of either a business or a hobby. Planners can create value for their clients by implementing strategies around these nine factors to help prove a clear, intentional profit motive if a client's business is ever under review. This paper seeks to explain the purpose and use of each factor, as well as highlight planning opportunities that each factor presents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We use field experiments in the employee giving program at Google to demonstrate that hassle costs inhibit charitable donations. Relative to the control condition involving donation by credit card on the charity's website, the treatment group received a simpler option to donate via payroll deduction, thereby decreasing the 'hassle cost' of giving by a couple of minutes. In each of two experiments, we found that reducing hassle costs increased the probability of donation to a promoted charity by at least 50%, without reducing average gift size. Results from the two experiments lead us to conclude that the convenience of payroll deduction reduces hassle costs and produces increas in workplace giving for promoted charities. Google later rolled out the program more widely, and suggestive evidence shows that while payroll deduction was popular and increased frequency of donations, it did not increase overall workplace charitable giving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has emerged as one of the largest pandemics ever experienced globally and has already affected 216 countries (WHO, [13]). According to Restaurant Canada ([9]) survey, 800,000 foodservice jobs have been lost due to COVID-19 in Canada and about 121,500 jobs were lost in BC alone in March 2020. In Canada, the COVID-19 pandemic has also created significant challenges for foodservice businesses in Vancouver, British Columbia (BC). [Extracted from the article]

This research is aimed at developing a methodology for assessing the efficacy of a macroeconomic model of the Kazakhstani pension provision system. A hierarchy of indicators of the pension system efficacy is built using the graph method. The representativeness of these indicators is confirmed by using expert assessment and factor analysis. A multi-factor assessment model is built using an additive convolution of the normalized values of the 2014-2019 resulting indicators with a breakdown by regions, regarding the coefficients of their significance. A regression model is developed to show the dependence of the pension system efficacy on the share of the accumulative system in the structure of retirement scheme financing. The optimal part of the accumulative system amounting to 79.5% of the total system is determined to be the level at which the pension system efficiency is maximized. A neural model for predicting the pension system efficacy under the influence of labor market indicators is built. The size of the minimum required annual payroll deductions from the wages of persons working according to the accumulative system is calculated depending on the length of service; this minimum size ensures a replacement rate of 40% with regard to the optimal ratio of the accumulative and solidarity pension systems. These findings will be useful to state bodies when developing and clarifying directions for reforming the pension system in Kazakhstan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Semestre Económico is the property of Sello Editorial de la Universidad de Medellin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines the public debate between 1945 and 1986 in Great Britain over repealing the Truck Acts. Advocates of repeal hoped that it might encourage workers to accept wage payment by cheque or electronic transfer, which most manual workers opposed. This article will evaluate the arguments that the Truck Acts, which protected employees' right to be paid in the current coin of the realm and defended them against unfair deductions from wages, had become 'obsolete' and hindered contractual arrangements that could be beneficial. The 1986 Wages Act, which repealed all of the Truck Acts and the 1960 Payment of Wages Act, passed over the strong objections of the TUC and a number of organizations that provided legal advice to the poor. The 1986 Act was introduced to allow employers to impose convenient cashless pay. Like much of the legislation under the Thatcher government, this Act was sold as the repeal of outdated and burdensome regulations, which would allow businesses to lower costs and become more competitive. However, I will argue that the repeal of the Truck Acts removed some very real protections for workers, and left employees more exposed to unfair deductions from wages than before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article argues that the U.S. Tax Court's holding in "Jacobs v. Commissioner" excessively expanded the scope of the de minimis fringe deduction under Internal Revenue Code beyond prior authorities, setting a new company-friendly standard for employer-provided meal deductions. It reports that the U.S. Tax Court erred in its ruling by incorrectly concluding the travel meals were taken on their "business premises," by relying on a non-precedential Tax Court Memorandum as authority.

Introduction. Logistics as a type of economic activity plays one of the main roles in the formation and development of market relations, so its study is especially relevant in a market economy. Information resources are one of the most important subsystems of the resource potential of the firm, and information is a key element of logistics operations. The information specifies the needs of the objects of logistics systems and supply chain links. The article investigates that logistics is one of the important components of the state economy and now this component is at the stage of its formation and requires a scientific approach to study; the place of the information and analytical center as an infrastructural component of logistics systems is determined; the information and analytical support of the market research of logistics services is substantiated and the system of statistical indicators of the research of this market is formed. It is determined that the prospects for the development of the logistics services market in Ukraine directly depend on the state of the country's economy. Methods. The following scientific methods were used in the research process: inductions and deductions - in the process of studying the general tendencies of logistics development in Ukraine; analysis and synthesis - during the theoretical generalizations, the formation of appropriate conclusions; bibliographic - research of literary sources to obtain the necessary information on the research topic; method of associations and analogies - for the proposed new ideas and suggestions that arise from comparison with other more or less similar objects. Results. Logistics in Ukraine is developing in accordance with world trends, has a significant impact on the economic potential of the country, stimulates the development of related, interconnected and complementary industries, is a reflection of the competitiveness of our country in the world. Logistics efficiency is now at the forefront of the agenda for professionals, private firms, and international organizations. Thus, the logistics of information flow is relevant in the field of logistics. Information resources are one of the most important subsystems of the resource potential of the firm, and information is a key element of logistics operations. The current level of logistics development requires constant improvement and introduction of new information systems. Discussion. The main task set during the writing of the article is to substantiate the feasibility of using logistics services in Ukraine, taking into account the peculiarities of business globalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines retirement saving policy for independent – or contingent – workers, a growing segment of the workforce. Because few of these workers are covered by employer-sponsored retirement plans, they often do not benefit from payroll deduction, employer matching contributions, automatic enrollment, and other provisions that encourage retirement saving. Better use of fintech, judicious changes to tax policy, and expanded Automatic IRAs would help independent workers save for retirement. In addition, we propose the creation of retirement saving accounts that attach to the worker as a supplement to, and possible replacement for, the current system of employer-sponsored accounts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roughly half of Americans live paycheck to paycheck. When financial shocks occur during their working lives, many of these households tap their retirement savings accounts. We explore the practical considerations and challenges associated with helping households accumulate liquid savings that can be deployed when urgent preretirement needs arise. In particular, we consider plans that would allow employers to automatically enroll workers into an employer-sponsored payroll deduction "rainy-day" or "emergency" savings account. Having separate rainy-day and retirement savings accounts can facilitate greater saving for short- and long-term purposes by helping to psychologically segregate and catalyze these two motives to save. Auto-features and mental accounting can be jointly deployed to reduce the frequency with which short-term needs crowd out long-run retirement savings. We describe three specific implementation options: (a) after-tax employee 401(k) accounts, (b) deemed Roth individual retirement accounts (Roth IRAs) under a 401(k) plan, and (c) depository institution accounts. We present pros and cons of each approach, given the existing regulatory regime, relative to the following criteria: the ability to automatically enroll employees into the rainy-day account; the targeted size of the rainy-day account; the investment allocation used for the rainy-day account; the fees and expenses associated with setting up and administering the rainy-day account; employers' ability to match employee contributions to the rainy-day account and the destination of those matching contributions; the ability of the rainy-day account to provide liquidity when the funds are needed; the tax treatment of contributions to, earnings in, and withdrawals from the rainy-day account; the portability of account balances when employees separate from a sponsoring employer; and compliance and potential interactions with the nondiscrimination rules that apply to tax-qualified employer-sponsored plans. We conclude that each of the three implementation options merits exploration and field testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article comments on the capping of individual deduction for state and local taxes (SALT) as a result of the changes in the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Topics discussed are approaches U.S. states to mitigate SALT deductions, reactions of states to the enactment of the 10,000 dollar cap on SALT deductions, responses of the U.S. Treasury to SALT deductions, proposal for states to implement employee payroll and pass-through entity tax workarounds, and proposed tax relief for taxpayers.

Recent evidence suggests that employers and employees may benefit from work/family policies and that even non-beneficiaries may support such policies. The authors posit that these policies generate not only 'use' values (values for those who rely on them), but also, based on a particular norm of social justice, 'need' values (values received by all individuals, regardless of expectations of direct benefit). Combining the median voter model with the contingent valuation method, which was designed to measure the willingness-to-pay for environmental goods such as national parks, the authors capture the willingness-to-pay for seven distinct work/family policies within a sample of 343 public, elementary school teachers. The results suggest that referenda to initiate work/ family policies in exchange for payroll deductions from teachers would pass, depending on the specific deduction. Even respondents with no expectation of direct benefit may place a positive value on the policies, consistent with the notion of 'need' values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Workplace giving campaigns, like the Combined Federal Campaign, have increased in participation and prominence in recent years. Organizations across all sectors of society frequently encourage employees to voluntarily donate either directly or through payroll deduction. In the nascent research on workplace giving, there has been relatively little focus on how employee attributes, especially motivational and organizational commitment traits, might be related to voluntary participation in workplace giving campaigns. In our article, we explore the role of these factors in an employee’s decision to participate in workplace giving campaigns. Using data from a large, public university, we examine two distinct aspects of participation: (a) the decision to participate in a workplace giving campaign and (b) how much those who participated chose to give. Our analyses demonstrate that these decisions reflect two motivational processes that must be considered in examining the determinants of individual workplace giving behavior. Answering these questions will help deepen our understanding of employee workplace giving in its increasing prominence as a tool of social partnership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid growth in the importance of payroll taxes within the U.S. tax system provides the background for Ben Okner's timely paper. To lessen their regressive impact he outlines three different employee payroll tax reform scenarios, and for each he provides estimates of costs (with and without phaseouts) and estimates of distributional consequences. He concludes that under any of the three alternatives (self-financed reform, partial integration with the federal personal income tax or full integration) "there appears to be ample opportunity to provide tax relief for low-income workers and to reduce the regressivity of the payroll tax with relatively small changes in the existing tax structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In fiscal year 1975 the social security payroll tax will amount to over $73 billion; this represents a six-fold increase just since fiscal 1960. In addition, its absolute growth has been accompanied by the growing importance of this tax as a federal revenue source. In 1960 the payroll tax accounted for only 12 per cent of total federal revenue. However, its share has doubled since then and in 1975 the payroll tax for social security will amount to about 25 per cent of total federal receipts. In contrast, the individual income tax will raise 44 per cent and the corporation income tax only 16 per cent of total federal revenue in fiscal 1975. Since the payroll tax is regressive and particularly burdensome for low-income workers, there has been growing interest in ways to make the tax more equitable in recent years. In this paper, I briefly review the evolution of social security and examine the payroll tax used to finance it. Next, I examine the aggregate and distributional effect of a specific plan to provide low-income tax relief through the existing payroll tax structure. This is then contrasted with providing relief through the use of general revenues or through total integration of the individual income and payroll taxes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]